Whether the endosteal (osteoblastic) and the vascular niche (endothelial cells) represent two distinct or overlapping niches is still under debate ( Purton 2008). Amongst those, two distinct cell types were however identified to be crucial ( Purton 2008): endothelial cells ( Kiel et al. Many candidate niche cells have been postulated. Ever since then, the cells that actually contribute to the niche maintenance have been heavily debated. The concept of a niche was first proposed in 1978 ( Schofield 1978) evolving the concept of hematopoietic inductive microenvironments ( Trentin 1971 Wolf and Trentin 1968). The cellular activity within these niches is regulated by an intricate interplay of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues, including cues from the BM microenvironment, which is referred to as the stem cell niche. Driving both HSC self-renewal and differentiation, two very distinct cell fates, is made possible via the formation of specific niches within the bone microenvironment ( Cordeiro-Spinetti et al. One of the key functions of this microenvironment is the maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis by controlling the proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation and migration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs). The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is a complex structural and biological system, which constitutes hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells of multiple lineages, and the bone extracellular matrix further sustained by a sinusoidal blood supply. Introduction: the bone marrow microenvironment
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